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B1 noun 9 min read

طغیان

toghyan
Examples طغیان in 30 Seconds
Explanation طغیان in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'طغیان' (Toghian) very often, but you might see it in simple weather reports. Think of it as 'too much water'. When it rains a lot, the river gets full and the water comes out. That is 'Toghian'. It is a big 'flood'. In A1, we usually use simpler words like 'ab-e ziad' (much water) or 'baran-e shadid' (heavy rain). But if you see 'Toghian' in a picture book about a river, just remember it means the water is going where it should not go. It is like when you fill a glass of water too much and it spills on the table. For a river, that spill is called 'Toghian'. It is a very strong and scary thing for people who live near the water. You can remember it by thinking of a river 'running over' its walls.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'طغیان' to describe nature. You might say 'Roodkhaneh toghian kard' (The river overflowed). This is a good way to improve your vocabulary beyond just saying 'Seil amad' (A flood came). At this level, you should know that 'Toghian' is a noun and it usually goes with the verb 'kardan' (to do). You can use it to talk about the seasons in Iran. For example, 'In spring, some rivers overflow because the snow melts.' In Persian: 'Dar bahar, roodkhaneh-ha toghian mikonand.' It is a more professional way to talk about the environment. You don't need to use the political meaning yet, just focus on the water. When you see a news headline with this word, look for the name of a river nearby. This will help you understand the context easily.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to understand both the literal and the metaphorical meanings of 'طغیان'. You should be able to use it in a sentence about a historical event or a social movement. For example, 'The people rebelled against the king' (Mardom aleyhe shah toghian kardand). Notice the use of 'aleyhe' (against). This is a key grammar point for B1. You should also understand that 'Toghian' implies a loss of control. It's not just a small protest; it's a significant uprising. You might also hear it in more complex news stories about climate change or dam safety. At this level, you should start to distinguish 'Toghian' from 'Shooresh' (riot). 'Toghian' sounds more like a natural or inevitable force, while 'Shooresh' sounds more like a chaotic event. Try using it in your writing when discussing history or geography.
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'طغیان' in abstract and literary contexts. You can describe a 'toghian-e ehsasat' (an overflow of emotions) or a 'toghian-e gharayez' (a rebellion of instincts). You should also be familiar with the adjective 'toghian-gar' (rebellious). At this stage, you can analyze the nuances between 'Toghian' and its synonyms like 'Osyan' or 'Qiyam'. A B2 learner should be able to read a newspaper article about a political uprising and understand why the author chose the word 'Toghian'—perhaps to emphasize the scale and the 'overflowing' nature of the public's anger. You can also use it in debates about authority and freedom. For example, 'Is rebellion always bad, or can it lead to positive change?' This level requires you to see the word as a tool for expressing complex social and psychological dynamics.
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At the C1 level, 'طغیان' becomes a word you use to add flavor and gravitas to your speech and writing. You will encounter it in classical and modern Persian literature, where it might symbolize the human spirit's struggle against fate or tyranny. You should be able to use it in academic essays, perhaps discussing the 'Toghian' of a particular social class in a specific historical period. You will also notice its use in sophisticated political commentary, where it might be used to describe a 'toghian' of prices (inflation) or a 'toghian' of a virus (an outbreak). At C1, you understand the rhythmic and emotional weight the word carries. You can use it to create powerful imagery, such as 'The Toghian of the sea under the moonlight,' moving beyond the literal 'flood' to something more evocative and artistic.
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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 'طغیان' and its place in the vast landscape of Persian vocabulary. You can use it with precision in legal, historical, and philosophical discourses. You understand its Arabic roots and how it has evolved in the Persian context over centuries. You can appreciate the word's use in the works of Rumi or Hafez, where it might describe the soul's 'toghian' in the presence of the Divine. You are also capable of using it in high-level diplomatic or technical reporting, where 'toghian' might refer to a breach of international law or a catastrophic failure of a system. For a C2 speaker, 'Toghian' is not just a word; it is a concept that captures the essence of crossing boundaries, whether those boundaries are physical, social, or spiritual. You can switch between its various meanings effortlessly, choosing the exact nuance required for the most sophisticated communication.
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Examples

طغیان in 30 Seconds

  • Toghian refers to the physical act of a river overflowing its banks due to excess water.
  • It is also a powerful term for a social or political rebellion against authority.
  • The word carries a formal and serious tone, often used in news and literature.
  • It can metaphorically describe an uncontrollable surge of emotions like anger or passion.

The Persian word طغیان (pronounced as 'Toghian') is a sophisticated and multi-layered noun that bridges the gap between the physical world of nature and the volatile world of human behavior. At its core, it describes a state of exceeding limits. When applied to nature, it specifically refers to the overflowing of a river or a body of water that has breached its banks, often leading to a flood. However, its usage in Persian literature, history, and daily news extends far beyond mere hydrography. It is the primary word used to describe a rebellion, a revolt, or an act of defiance against established authority or social norms. Understanding this word requires an appreciation of the 'overflow' metaphor—whether it is water overflowing a dam or a population's anger overflowing the constraints of a government.

Environmental Context
In environmental science and news reporting, this word is used when a river's water level rises so significantly that it causes destruction. It suggests a powerful, uncontrollable force of nature that cannot be contained by human engineering.
Political and Social Context
When a group of people rises up against a ruler or a system, their action is called 'Toghian'. It implies a sudden and explosive movement, much like a flash flood, where the previous order is overwhelmed by the sheer force of the uprising.
Psychological Context
Metaphorically, it can describe an emotional outburst. A person whose patience has run out might experience a 'Toghian' of anger or grief, suggesting that their internal emotional 'banks' have broken.

رودخانه کارون پس از باران‌های شدید دچار طغیان شد و به خانه‌های اطراف آسیب زد.

(The Karun River overflowed after heavy rains and damaged nearby houses.)

مردم علیه ظلم و ستم حاکم دست به طغیان زدند.

(The people rose in rebellion against the ruler's oppression.)

Historically, 'Toghian' has been used to describe significant events like the French Revolution or local tribal uprisings in Iran. It differs from a 'riot' (shoresh) because it often implies a more profound or widespread movement that challenges the very foundation of power. In modern journalism, you will see it frequently in headlines about climate change (floods) and regional conflicts. It is a word that demands attention and signifies a loss of control by the established order, whether that order is a riverbed or a legal system.

احساسات او مانند یک دریای طغیان‌زده غیرقابل کنترل بود.

(His emotions were uncontrollable, like a surging sea.)

سد نتوانست جلوی طغیان آب را بگیرد.

(The dam could not stop the overflowing of the water.)

تاریخ پر از داستان‌های طغیان علیه استبداد است.

(History is full of stories of rebellion against tyranny.)

Using 'طغیان' correctly requires understanding the specific light verbs and adjectives that accompany it. In Persian, nouns often combine with 'helper' verbs to form complete actions. For 'طغیان', the most common partner is کردن (kardan). When you say 'رودخانه طغیان کرد' (The river overflowed), you are using it in a literal, physical sense. When you say 'سربازان طغیان کردند' (The soldiers rebelled), you are using it in a political or military sense. It is important to note that this word carries a heavy, serious tone. It is not used for minor spills or small disagreements; it is reserved for events of significant magnitude.

Formal Reporting
In news broadcasts, you will hear: 'به دلیل بارش‌های بی‌سابقه، چندین رودخانه در شمال کشور دچار طغیان شده‌اند.' (Due to unprecedented rainfall, several rivers in the north of the country have experienced overflowing.)
Historical Narratives
In history books: 'طغیان کشاورزان در قرن هجدهم لرزه بر اندام حکومت انداخت.' (The rebellion of the farmers in the 18th century sent shivers through the government.)
Abstract Concepts
In psychology or literature: 'طغیان غرایز بر عقل، موضوع اصلی بسیاری از تراژدی‌هاست.' (The rebellion of instincts over reason is the main theme of many tragedies.)

او در برابر قوانین سخت‌گیرانه مدرسه دست به طغیان زد.

(He rebelled against the strict school rules.)

آیا راهی برای مهار طغیان این رودخانه وجود دارد؟

(Is there a way to contain the overflow of this river?)

Another common construction is using 'طغیان' with the preposition 'علیه' (aleyhe - against). For example, 'طغیان علیه بی‌عدالتی' (rebellion against injustice). You can also use it as an adjective in the form of 'طغیان‌گر' (toghian-gar), which means 'rebel' or 'rebellious person'. This suffix '-gar' denotes an agent or a doer. In a more poetic or archaic sense, you might encounter 'طغیان یافتن' (toghian yaftan), which means 'to become rebellious' or 'to reach a state of overflow'. This word is essential for anyone wishing to discuss politics, history, or geography in Persian at an intermediate to advanced level.

If you are in Iran during the spring rainy season, you will hear 'طغیان' almost daily on the news. Iran's geography, with its high mountains and seasonal rivers, makes it prone to sudden river overflows. News anchors will warn citizens: 'رودخانه‌های فصلی در معرض طغیان هستند' (Seasonal rivers are at risk of overflowing). This is the most practical, everyday context for the word. However, if you are a student of Persian literature or history, you will find this word in the pages of the Shahnameh or in accounts of the Constitutional Revolution. It is a word that signifies a breaking point.

News & Media
Headlines often use 'طغیان' for both natural disasters and civil unrest. For example: 'طغیان رودخانه در سیستان' (River overflow in Sistan) or 'طغیان خشم عمومی' (The overflow of public anger).
Academic Lectures
Professors of political science use 'Toghian' to analyze the dynamics of power and resistance. It is seen as a legitimate academic term for 'insurrection'.
Literature and Art
Modern Persian poets use the word to describe the soul's struggle against the limitations of the material world. It often symbolizes freedom and the breaking of chains.

اخبار اعلام کرد که طغیان رودخانه باعث مسدود شدن جاده شده است.

(The news announced that the river's overflow has caused the road to be blocked.)

نویسنده در کتاب خود به بررسی ریشه‌های طغیان توده‌ها می‌پردازد.

(The author examines the roots of the masses' rebellion in his book.)

In summary, while 'Toghian' has a very specific technical meaning in hydrology, its social and cultural footprint is much wider. It is a word of 'high register'—meaning it sounds formal and powerful. You wouldn't use it to describe a small child refusing to eat their vegetables, but you would use it to describe a teenager's total rejection of their parents' values. It is the language of the epic, the historical, and the catastrophic.

One of the most common mistakes learners make is confusing طغیان (Toghian) with سیل (Seil). While they are related, they are not interchangeable. 'Seil' is the noun for 'flood'—the water that is already covering the ground. 'Toghian' is the *action* of the water rising and breaking its boundaries. Think of 'Toghian' as the process and 'Seil' as the state. Another mistake is using 'Toghian' for minor instances of disobedience. For instance, if a student doesn't do their homework, that is 'tamarrud' (disobedience) or 'bi-entezami' (lack of discipline), not 'toghian'. Calling it 'toghian' would sound like you are describing a full-scale armed revolt in the classroom.

Confusion with 'Shooresh'
'Shooresh' (شورش) usually means a riot or a localized uprising. 'Toghian' is often broader and can be more ideological or natural. A 'shooresh' might happen in a prison; a 'toghian' happens against a system.
Preposition Errors
Learners often forget to use 'علیه' (against) when talking about rebellion. You don't 'toghian' a person; you 'toghian' *against* (aleyhe) them.
Spelling Pitfalls
Because Persian has multiple letters that sound like 'T' and 'G' (in some accents), learners might confuse 'ط' (Tah) with 'ت' (Teh). Remember, 'طغیان' starts with the Arabic 'Tah' (ط).

اشتباه: رودخانه سیل کرد. درست: رودخانه طغیان کرد.

(Mistake: The river flooded [verb]. Correct: The river overflowed.)

Finally, avoid using 'Toghian' in very casual, lighthearted settings. If your friend is being a bit stubborn, calling it 'Toghian' will sound sarcastic or overly dramatic. Stick to words like 'laj-bazi' (stubbornness) for small personal conflicts. 'Toghian' is for the big stuff: the rivers that swallow cities and the revolutions that change history.

To truly master 'طغیان', you should understand the words that surround it in the Persian lexicon. Persian is rich with synonyms for both 'overflow' and 'rebellion', each with its own subtle nuance. By choosing the right alternative, you can sound more like a native speaker and convey precise meanings. For example, if you want to emphasize the *rising* of water rather than the *breaking* of banks, you might use 'bala amadan-e ab' (water coming up). If you want to talk about a spiritual or philosophical rebellion, 'osyan' (عصیان) is a very close and powerful synonym.

عصیان (Osyan)
Very similar to 'Toghian', but often carries a more religious or moral connotation. It is frequently used to describe a sin or a rebellion against God's commands.
شورش (Shooresh)
A riot or a revolt. It sounds more chaotic and less 'noble' than 'Toghian'. A 'shooresh' is often disorganized, while a 'toghian' can be a massive, unstoppable movement.
سرکشی (Sarkashi)
Literally 'head-pulling'. It means defiance or stubbornness. It is more common for individuals, like a 'sarkash' (rebellious) teenager.
قیام (Qiyam)
An uprising or insurrection. This word has a very positive, often heroic connotation in Persian culture, especially in the context of fighting for justice.

او به خاطر عصیان در برابر سنت‌ها شناخته شده است.

(He is known for his rebellion against traditions.)

In hydrology, you might also see 'sar-rizi' (overflowing), which is a more technical term for water going over the top of a dam or container. 'Toghian' remains the most dramatic and versatile choice, covering everything from a catastrophic flood to the French Revolution to an uncontrollable surge of passion.

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Examples by Level

1

رودخانه طغیان کرد.

The river overflowed.

Simple subject + noun + light verb 'kard'.

2

آب زیاد است و طغیان می‌کند.

There is much water and it is overflowing.

Present continuous sense using 'mikonad'.

3

باران باعث طغیان شد.

The rain caused an overflow.

'Ba'es' (cause) + 'toghian' + 'shod' (became/happened).

4

طغیان آب خطرناک است.

The water overflow is dangerous.

'Toghian' used as a subject noun.

5

ما از طغیان می‌ترسیم.

We are afraid of the overflow.

Using the preposition 'az' (from/of) with the verb 'tarsidan'.

6

سد جلوی طغیان را گرفت.

The dam stopped the overflow.

'Jolo-ye ... ra gereftan' means 'to stop/prevent'.

7

امروز طغیان نداریم.

We don't have an overflow today.

Negative existence using 'nadarim'.

8

آیا این رودخانه طغیان می‌کند؟

Does this river overflow?

Question form of the present tense.

1

در بهار، رودخانه‌ها معمولاً طغیان می‌کنند.

In spring, rivers usually overflow.

Use of the adverb 'ma'moolan' (usually).

2

طغیان آب به مزارع آسیب زد.

The water overflow damaged the farms.

'Asib zadan' (to damage) + 'be' (to).

3

مردم به خاطر طغیان خانه‌هایشان را ترک کردند.

People left their homes because of the overflow.

'Be khatere' (because of) + noun.

4

طغیان این رودخانه بی‌سابقه بود.

The overflow of this river was unprecedented.

'Bi-sabeqeh' means 'unprecedented' or 'without history'.

5

باید برای جلوگیری از طغیان کاری کنیم.

We must do something to prevent the overflow.

'Baraye' (for) + 'jologiri' (prevention).

6

صدای طغیان آب از دور شنیده می‌شد.

The sound of the water overflowing was heard from afar.

Passive voice 'shenideh mishod'.

7

پس از طغیان، جاده‌ها بسته شدند.

After the overflow, the roads were closed.

'Pas az' (after) + noun.

8

طغیان ناگهانی همه را غافلگیر کرد.

The sudden overflow surprised everyone.

'Ghafelgir kardan' means 'to surprise/catch off guard'.

1

سربازان علیه فرمانده خود دست به طغیان زدند.

The soldiers rose in rebellion against their commander.

'Dast be toghian zadan' is a common idiom for 'to rebel'.

2

این کتاب درباره طغیان توده‌ها در قرن گذشته است.

This book is about the rebellion of the masses in the last century.

'Tudeh-ha' means 'the masses'.

3

طغیان خشم او باعث شد فریاد بزند.

The overflow of his anger caused him to shout.

Metaphorical use for emotions.

4

دولت نگران طغیان احتمالی مردم است.

The government is worried about a possible rebellion by the people.

'Ehtemali' (possible) + 'mardom' (people).

5

طغیان رودخانه نیل در مصر باستان حیاتی بود.

The overflowing of the Nile River was vital in ancient Egypt.

Historical/Geographical context.

6

او همیشه روحیه‌ای طغیان‌گر داشت.

He always had a rebellious spirit.

'Toghian-gar' is the adjective form.

7

هیچ‌کس نمی‌تواند جلوی طغیان حقیقت را بگیرد.

No one can stop the overflow of truth.

Abstract literary usage.

8

طغیان علیه بی‌عدالتی وظیفه هر انسانی است.

Rebellion against injustice is the duty of every human.

'Vazifeh' (duty) + 'ensani' (human).

1

تاریخ‌نگاران طغیان اخیر را یک نقطه عطف می‌دانند.

Historians consider the recent rebellion a turning point.

'Noqteh-ye atf' means 'turning point'.

2

طغیان رودخانه‌ها به دلیل تغییرات اقلیمی شدت یافته است.

River overflows have intensified due to climate change.

'Sheddat yaftan' means 'to intensify'.

3

نویسنده در این رمان، طغیان فرد علیه جامعه را توصیف می‌کند.

In this novel, the author describes the individual's rebellion against society.

'Towsif kardan' (to describe).

4

طغیان غرایز گاهی منجر به تصمیمات اشتباه می‌شود.

The rebellion of instincts sometimes leads to wrong decisions.

'Monjar shodan' (to lead to).

5

سیستم‌های دفاعی شهر برای مقابله با طغیان آب طراحی شده‌اند.

The city's defense systems are designed to deal with water overflow.

'Baraye moqabeleh ba' (to deal with/confront).

6

او با طغیان علیه سنت‌های خانوادگی، مسیر خود را انتخاب کرد.

By rebelling against family traditions, he chose his own path.

Gerund-like use: 'ba' (with/by) + noun.

7

طغیان افکار پریشان مانع از تمرکز او می‌شد.

The overflow of disturbed thoughts prevented him from focusing.

'Mane' az ... shodan' (to prevent from).

8

دوران طغیان و سرکشی جوانی بالاخره به پایان رسید.

The era of youthful rebellion and defiance finally came to an end.

Pairing synonyms: 'toghian' and 'sarkashi'.

1

طغیان نقد ادبی در دهه‌های اخیر، مفاهیم سنتی را به چالش کشیده است.

The surge (overflow) of literary criticism in recent decades has challenged traditional concepts.

Using 'toghian' to mean a 'surge' or 'outburst' in a field of study.

2

شاعر طغیان روح خود را در قالب واژگانی آتشین بیان می‌کند.

The poet expresses the rebellion of his soul in the form of fiery words.

Poetic and elevated vocabulary.

3

طغیان بی‌رویه جمعیت، منابع طبیعی را در معرض نابودی قرار داده است.

The excessive overflow (surge) of population has put natural resources at risk of destruction.

'Bi-raviyeh' (excessive/uncontrolled).

4

در فلسفه اگزیستانسیالیسم، طغیان به معنای پذیرش مسئولیت آزادی است.

In existentialist philosophy, rebellion means accepting the responsibility of freedom.

Philosophical context.

5

طغیان رودخانه تاریخ، بسیاری از تمدن‌های بزرگ را با خود برده است.

The overflowing river of history has swept away many great civilizations.

Metaphorical 'river of history'.

6

او در اوج طغیان هنری خود، آثاری بی‌بدیل خلق کرد.

At the height of his artistic rebellion/surge, he created unique works.

'Bi-badil' (unique/unparalleled).

7

طغیان احساسات ناسیونالیستی می‌تواند منجر به درگیری‌های گسترده شود.

The overflow of nationalist sentiments can lead to widespread conflicts.

Political analysis vocabulary.

8

گزارش‌ها حاکی از طغیان یک بیماری ناشناخته در منطقه است.

Reports indicate the outbreak (overflow/surge) of an unknown disease in the region.

'Haki az' (indicating/reporting).

1

طغیان علیه هستی، درونمایه اصلی بسیاری از آثار نیهیلیستی است.

Rebellion against existence is the main theme of many nihilistic works.

High-level philosophical discourse.

2

دیالکتیک طغیان و سرکوب، شالوده بسیاری از تحولات سیاسی را شکل می‌دهد.

The dialectic of rebellion and suppression forms the foundation of many political developments.

Complex academic structure.

3

طغیان آب‌های زیرزمینی منجر به نشست زمین در نواحی شهری گشته است.

The surge of underground waters has resulted in land subsidence in urban areas.

Technical/Scientific register.

4

در متون کلاسیک، طغیان نفس به عنوان بزرگترین مانع رستگاری توصیف شده است.

In classical texts, the rebellion of the self (ego) is described as the greatest obstacle to salvation.

Theological/Ethical context.

5

طغیان واژگان در ذهن نویسنده، او را به نوشتن وا می‌داشت.

The overflow of words in the author's mind compelled him to write.

Creative/Metaphorical usage.

6

تحلیلگران بر این باورند که طغیان اقتصادی کنونی ریشه در سیاست‌های غلط دارد.

Analysts believe the current economic surge/upheaval is rooted in wrong policies.

Economic/Political register.

7

طغیان علیه فرم‌های سنتی هنر، سنگ بنای مدرنیسم بود.

Rebellion against traditional forms of art was the cornerstone of modernism.

Art history context.

8

هر طغیانی، هرچند ویرانگر، در بطن خود نطفه نظمی نوین را دارد.

Every rebellion, however destructive, carries within itself the seed of a new order.

Axiomatic/Philosophical statement.

Synonyms

سیلان عصیان شورش قیام سرکشی تمرد فوران سرریزی

Antonyms

آرامش اطاعت فروکشی تسلیم

Common Collocations

طغیان رودخانه
دست به طغیان زدن
طغیان خشم
مهار طغیان
طغیان علیه استبداد
روحیه طغیان‌گر
دچار طغیان شدن
طغیان ناگهانی
طغیان خون
فصل طغیان

Common Phrases

طغیان کردن

— The standard verbal form. It means to overflow or to rebel.

رودخانه دیشب طغیان کرد.

طغیان‌زده

— An adjective describing someone or something affected by an overflow or rebellion.

مناطق طغیان‌زده نیاز به کمک دارند.

طغیان‌گر

— A noun/adjective meaning a rebel or someone who is rebellious.

او یک جوان طغیان‌گر است.

فروکشی طغیان

— The receding of the overflow or the end of a rebellion.

با فروکشی طغیان، مردم به خانه‌هایشان برگشتند.

خطر طغیان

— The risk or danger of an overflow.

خطر طغیان همچنان وجود دارد.

طغیان توده‌ها

— The uprising of the general public or masses.

جامعه‌شناسان طغیان توده‌ها را بررسی می‌کنند.

طغیان دریایی

— A storm surge or the sea overflowing its shores.

طغیان دریایی باعث تخریب اسکله شد.

طغیان احساسات

— A surge of overwhelming emotions.

طغیان احساسات مانع از حرف زدن او شد.

طغیان علیه وضع موجود

— Rebellion against the status quo.

هنرمندان اغلب علیه وضع موجود طغیان می‌کنند.

طغیان بی‌سابقه

— An overflow or rebellion that has never happened before.

امسال شاهد طغیان بی‌سابقه رودخانه‌ها بودیم.

Idioms & Expressions

"دست به طغیان زدن"

— To initiate a rebellion or to start acting out defiantly.

او علیه سنت‌های قدیمی دست به طغیان زد.

Formal
"طغیان کردن خون در رگ‌ها"

— Metaphor for being extremely excited, angry, or passionate.

با شنیدن آن خبر، خون در رگ‌هایش طغیان کرد.

Literary
"طغیان قلم"

— When a writer writes with great intensity or against established norms.

طغیان قلم او لرزه بر تن حاکمان انداخت.

Literary
"طغیان اشک"

— When someone starts crying uncontrollably.

با دیدن مادرش، طغیان اشک اما

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