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The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

To forcibly take away a right, status, property, or privilege from someone, often by an authority or through a systematic process.

To base something on a standard, rule, or precedent. It means to act or create in accordance with specific guidelines.

A disadvantage, harm, or loss suffered by someone. It refers to a situation where one's interests are damaged or compromised.

To carry out or fulfill an obligation, promise, or contract. It is a formal term often used in legal and business agreements.

To come into conflict with or violate a law, rule, or regulation. It is often used in legal or formal contexts when an action goes against established norms.

A specific case or instance that serves as an example. It is often used in legal, medical, or business research to illustrate a point.

The formal putting into effect of a law, regulation, or policy. It marks the date when a rule becomes active and enforceable.

A formal written or spoken statement, especially one given in a court or as evidence in a historical/scientific context. In TOEFL, it often refers to eyewitness accounts in history or archaeology.

The act of proving or demonstrating the truth of something with evidence; substantiation or verification, especially in a legal or scientific context.